Apache Druid
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Getting started

  • Introduction to Apache Druid
  • Quickstart (local)
  • Single server deployment
  • Clustered deployment

Tutorials

  • Load files natively
  • Load files using SQL ๐Ÿ†•
  • Load from Apache Kafka
  • Load from Apache Hadoop
  • Querying data
  • Roll-up
  • Theta sketches
  • Configuring data retention
  • Updating existing data
  • Compacting segments
  • Deleting data
  • Writing an ingestion spec
  • Transforming input data
  • Tutorial: Run with Docker
  • Kerberized HDFS deep storage
  • Convert ingestion spec to SQL
  • Jupyter Notebook tutorials

Design

  • Design
  • Segments
  • Processes and servers
  • Deep storage
  • Metadata storage
  • ZooKeeper

Ingestion

  • Ingestion
  • Data formats
  • Data model
  • Data rollup
  • Partitioning
  • Ingestion spec
  • Schema design tips
  • Stream ingestion

    • Apache Kafka ingestion
    • Apache Kafka supervisor
    • Apache Kafka operations
    • Amazon Kinesis

    Batch ingestion

    • Native batch
    • Native batch: input sources
    • Migrate from firehose
    • Hadoop-based

    SQL-based ingestion ๐Ÿ†•

    • Overview
    • Key concepts
    • API
    • Security
    • Examples
    • Reference
    • Known issues
  • Task reference
  • Troubleshooting FAQ

Data management

  • Overview
  • Data updates
  • Data deletion
  • Schema changes
  • Compaction
  • Automatic compaction

Querying

    Druid SQL

    • Overview and syntax
    • SQL data types
    • Operators
    • Scalar functions
    • Aggregation functions
    • Multi-value string functions
    • JSON functions
    • All functions
    • Druid SQL API
    • JDBC driver API
    • SQL query context
    • SQL metadata tables
    • SQL query translation
  • Native queries
  • Query execution
  • Troubleshooting
  • Concepts

    • Datasources
    • Joins
    • Lookups
    • Multi-value dimensions
    • Nested columns
    • Multitenancy
    • Query caching
    • Using query caching
    • Query context

    Native query types

    • Timeseries
    • TopN
    • GroupBy
    • Scan
    • Search
    • TimeBoundary
    • SegmentMetadata
    • DatasourceMetadata

    Native query components

    • Filters
    • Granularities
    • Dimensions
    • Aggregations
    • Post-aggregations
    • Expressions
    • Having filters (groupBy)
    • Sorting and limiting (groupBy)
    • Sorting (topN)
    • String comparators
    • Virtual columns
    • Spatial filters

Configuration

  • Configuration reference
  • Extensions
  • Logging

Operations

  • Web console
  • Java runtime
  • Security

    • Security overview
    • User authentication and authorization
    • LDAP auth
    • Password providers
    • Dynamic Config Providers
    • TLS support

    Performance tuning

    • Basic cluster tuning
    • Segment size optimization
    • Mixed workloads
    • HTTP compression
    • Automated metadata cleanup

    Monitoring

    • Request logging
    • Metrics
    • Alerts
  • API reference
  • High availability
  • Rolling updates
  • Using rules to drop and retain data
  • Working with different versions of Apache Hadoop
  • Misc

    • dump-segment tool
    • reset-cluster tool
    • insert-segment-to-db tool
    • pull-deps tool
    • Deep storage migration
    • Export Metadata Tool
    • Metadata Migration
    • Content for build.sbt

Development

  • Developing on Druid
  • Creating extensions
  • JavaScript functionality
  • Build from source
  • Versioning
  • Experimental features

Misc

  • Papers

Hidden

  • Apache Druid vs Elasticsearch
  • Apache Druid vs. Key/Value Stores (HBase/Cassandra/OpenTSDB)
  • Apache Druid vs Kudu
  • Apache Druid vs Redshift
  • Apache Druid vs Spark
  • Apache Druid vs SQL-on-Hadoop
  • Authentication and Authorization
  • Broker
  • Coordinator Process
  • Historical Process
  • Indexer Process
  • Indexing Service
  • MiddleManager Process
  • Overlord Process
  • Router Process
  • Peons
  • Approximate Histogram aggregators
  • Apache Avro
  • Microsoft Azure
  • Bloom Filter
  • DataSketches extension
  • DataSketches HLL Sketch module
  • DataSketches Quantiles Sketch module
  • DataSketches Theta Sketch module
  • DataSketches Tuple Sketch module
  • Basic Security
  • Kerberos
  • Cached Lookup Module
  • Apache Ranger Security
  • Google Cloud Storage
  • HDFS
  • Apache Kafka Lookups
  • Globally Cached Lookups
  • MySQL Metadata Store
  • ORC Extension
  • Druid pac4j based Security extension
  • Apache Parquet Extension
  • PostgreSQL Metadata Store
  • Protobuf
  • S3-compatible
  • Simple SSLContext Provider Module
  • Stats aggregator
  • Test Stats Aggregators
  • Druid AWS RDS Module
  • Kubernetes
  • Ambari Metrics Emitter
  • Apache Cassandra
  • Rackspace Cloud Files
  • DistinctCount Aggregator
  • Graphite Emitter
  • InfluxDB Line Protocol Parser
  • InfluxDB Emitter
  • Kafka Emitter
  • Materialized View
  • Moment Sketches for Approximate Quantiles module
  • Moving Average Query
  • OpenTSDB Emitter
  • Druid Redis Cache
  • Microsoft SQLServer
  • StatsD Emitter
  • T-Digest Quantiles Sketch module
  • Thrift
  • Timestamp Min/Max aggregators
  • GCE Extensions
  • Aliyun OSS
  • Prometheus Emitter
  • kubernetes
  • Cardinality/HyperUnique aggregators
  • Select
  • Firehose (deprecated)
  • Native batch (simple)
  • Realtime Process
Edit

Java runtime

Apache Druid is written in Java and requires a Java runtime. This page provides details about obtaining and configuring a Java runtime for Druid.

Selecting a Java runtime

Druid fully supports Java 8 and 11, and has experimental support for Java 17. The project team recommends Java 11.

The project team recommends using an OpenJDK-based Java distribution. There are many free and actively-supported distributions available, including Amazon Corretto, Azul Zulu, and Eclipse Temurin. The project team does not recommend any specific distribution over any other.

Druid relies on the environment variables JAVA_HOME or DRUID_JAVA_HOME to find Java on the machine. You can set DRUID_JAVA_HOME if there is more than one instance of Java. To verify Java requirements for your environment, run the bin/verify-java script.

Garbage collection

In general, the project team recommends using the G1 collector with default settings. This is the default collector in Java 11. To enable G1 on Java 8, use -XX:+UseG1GC. There is no harm in explicitly specifying this on Java 11 as well.

Garbage collector selection and tuning is a form of sport in the Java community. There may be situations where adjusting garbage collection configuration improves or worsens performance. The project team's guidance is that most people do not need to stray away from G1 with default settings.

Strong encapsulation

Java 9 and beyond (including Java 11) include the capability for strong encapsulation of internal JDK APIs. Druid uses certain internal JDK APIs for functionality- and performance-related reasons. In Java 11, this leads to log messages like the following:

WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred
WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations
WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release

These warning messages are harmless, and can be ignored. However, you can avoid them entirely if you wish by adding the following Java command line parameters. These parameters are not part of the default configurations that ship with Druid, because Java 8 does not recognize these parameters and fails to start up if they are provided.

To do this, add the following lines to your jvm.config files:

--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.misc=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-opens=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-opens=java.base/sun.nio.ch=ALL-UNNAMED

Additionally, tasks run by MiddleManagers execute in separate JVMs. The command line for these JVMs is given by druid.indexer.runner.javaOptsArray or druid.indexer.runner.javaOpts in middleManager/runtime.properties. Java command line parameters for tasks must be specified here. For example, use a line like the following:

druid.indexer.runner.javaOptsArray=["-server","-Xms1g","-Xmx1g","-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=1g","-Duser.timezone=UTC","-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8","-XX:+ExitOnOutOfMemoryError","-Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.logging.log4j.jul.LogManager","--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED","--add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.misc=ALL-UNNAMED","--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED","--add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED","--add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED","--add-opens=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED","--add-opens=java.base/sun.nio.ch=ALL-UNNAMED"]

The Xms, Xmx, and MaxDirectMemorySize parameters in the line above are merely an example. You may use different values in your specific environment.

Java 17

Druid has experimental support for Java 17.

An important change in Java 17 is that strong encapsulation is enabled by default. The various --add-opens and --add-exports parameters listed in the strong encapsulation section are required in all jvm.config files and in druid.indexer.runner.javaOpts or druid.indexer.runner.javaOptsArray on MiddleManagers. Failure to include these parameters leads to failure of various operations.

In addition, Druid's launch scripts detect Java 17 and log the following message rather than starting up:

Druid requires Java 8 or 11. Your current version is: 17.X.Y.

You can skip this check with an environment variable:

export DRUID_SKIP_JAVA_CHECK=1
โ† Web consoleSecurity overview โ†’
  • Selecting a Java runtime
  • Garbage collection
  • Strong encapsulation
  • Java 17

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Copyright ยฉ 2022 Apache Software Foundation.
Except where otherwise noted, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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